Moderate continuous- and high-intensity interval training elicit comparable cardiovascular effect among middle-aged men regardless of recovery mode.

To assess the effect of active and passive intra-interval recovery modes in time-efficient high-intensity interval training (HIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness, autonomic function, and endothelial function in sedentary middle-aged men.Participants (n = 62; age: 49.5 ± 5.8 y; BMI: 29.7 ± 3.7 kg·m-2) completed the assessments of cardiorespiratory fitness, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and heart rate variability before being randomly allocated to control (CON; n = 14), moderate intensity continuous training (MICT; n = 15), HIT with passive (P-HIT; n-15), or active recovery (A-HIT; n = 15). Participants performed thrice weekly exercise sessions for 12 weeks. MICT completed 50-60 min of continuous cycling at 60-70% heart rate (HR) maximum. HIT completed 30-s work intervals (∼85% HR) interspaced with 2.5 min of active or passive recovery.All exercise modalities increased oxygen uptake (V̇O2) (MD: ≥ 3.1 ml·kg-1·min-1, 95%CI: 1.5-4.7 ml·kg-1·min-1; P < 0.001), power output (MD: ≥ 26 W, 95%CI: 15-37 W; P < 0.001) and cycle duration (MD: ≥ 62 s, 95%CI: 36-88 s; P < 0.001) at 85% HRM. Significant pre-to-post differences were observed among all exercise groups for FMD (MD: ≥ 3.4%, 95%CI: 0.3-6.5%; P < 0.05), while MICT and P-HIT significantly increased the standard deviation of all NN intervals (SDNN) pre-to-post intervention (MD: ≥ 7 ms, 2-13 ms; P ≤ 0.05).Time-efficient HIT elicits significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, FMD and autonomic modulation following a thrice weekly 12-week exercise intervention among sedentary middle-aged men. Active recovery between successive high-intensity intervals provided no additional benefit among this deconditioned cohort.

Recovery Effects of Foam Rolling on Psychophysiological Responses in Thai National Male Ice Hockey Players.

We examined the short-term effects of foam rolling (FR), dynamic stretching (DS), and passive rest (PR) following simulated ice hockey exercise (IHE) on heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BL), leg choice reaction time (CRTleg), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and global rating of change (GRC) in elite ice hockey players. The study followed a randomized cross-over design. Fifteen national male ice hockey players were assigned to the FR, DS, or PR interventions for 10 mins following 35- min of simulated IHE. HR and BL were obtained at 0-, 5- and 10-min post-intervention. CRTleg and RPE were assessed pre-and post-intervention. GRC was evaluated post-intervention. The PR decreased HR faster than the DS at 5-min of post-treatment. Whereas the FR and DS reduced BL levels faster than the PR at 5- and 10-min post-treatment. There was no difference in CRTleg among the FR, DS, and PR. The FR had lower RPE scores compared to the DS and PR post-treatment. As perceptual aspects, the FR was the most preferred treatment by ice hockey athletes. The FR and DS exerted more beneficial effects on BL but not on HR by the passive rest. The FR showed the most effective treatment on the psychological demands by improving RPE and perceptual responses over the DS and PR. Thus, the FR could be used as a choice for post-game recovery treatment on improving physiological and perceptual responses following an intense match-play in ice hockey players.

Comparison of 4 Different Cooldown Strategies on Lower-Leg Temperature, Blood Lactate Concentration, and Fatigue Perception After Intense Running.

CONTEXT: Although active recovery (AR) and cold application is recommended, many people take a shower after exercise. Therefore, a direct comparison between a shower and other recommended methods (AR and/or cold-water immersion) is necessary. To compare immediate effects of 4 postexercise cooldown strategies after running. DESIGN: A crossover design. METHODS: Seventeen young, healthy males (23 y; 174 cm; 73 kg) visited on 4 different days and performed a 10-minute intense treadmill run (5 km/h at a 1% incline, then a belt speed of 1 km/h, and an incline of 0.5% were increased every minute). Then, subjects randomly experienced 4 different 30-minute cooldown strategies each session-AR (10-min treadmill walk + 10-min static stretch + 10-min shower), cold-water walk (10-min shower + 20-min walk in cold water), cold-water sit (10-min shower + 20-min sit in cold water), and passive recovery (10-min shower + 20-min passive recovery). Across the cooldown conditions, the water temperatures for immersion and shower were set as 18 °C and 25 °C, respectively. Lower-leg muscle temperature, blood lactate concentration, and fatigue perception were statistically compared (P < .001 for all tests) and effect sizes (ES) were calculated. RESULTS: The cold-water walk condition (F135,2928 = 69.29, P < .0001) was the most effective in reducing muscle temperature after running (-11.6 °C, ES = 9.46, P < .0001), followed by the cold-water sit (-8.4 °C, ES = 8.61, P < .0001), passive recovery (-4.5 °C, ES = 4.36, P < .0001), and AR (-4.0 °C, ES = 4.29, P < .0001) conditions. Blood lactate concentration (F6,176 = 0.86, P = .52) and fatigue perception (F6,176 = 0.18, P = .98) did not differ among the 4 conditions. CONCLUSIONS: While the effect of lowering the lower-leg temperature was different, the effect of reducing blood lactate concentration and fatigue perception were similar in the 4 cooldown strategies. We suggest selecting the appropriate method while considering the specific goal, available time, facility, and accessibility.

Effects of a Cool-Down after Supramaximal Interval Exercise on Autonomic Modulation.

Supramaximal interval exercise alters measures of autonomic modulation, while a cool-down may speed the recovery of vagal modulation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a cool-down (pedaling a cycle ergometer at 50 rpm against a resistance of 45 W) versus passive recovery (no pedaling) after supramaximal interval exercise on autonomic modulation. Sixteen moderately active individuals (Mean ± SD: 23 ± 3 years (men: n = 10; women: n = 6) were assessed for autonomic modulation at Rest, and 15 (R15), 30 (R30), 45 (R45) and 60 (R60) min following supramaximal interval exercise. Linear measures of autonomic modulation included natural log (ln) total power (lnTP), high-frequency power (lnHF), the ratio of low frequency (LF) to HF ln(LF/HF) ratio, root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (lnRMSSD), while non-linear measures included sample entropy (SampEn) and Lempel-Ziv entropy (LZEn). Two-way repeated ANOVAs were used to evaluate the main effects of condition (cool-down, passive recovery) across time (Rest, and R15, R30, R45 and R60). There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) condition by time interactions for SampEn and LZEn, such that they decreased at 15, 30, 45 and 60 min during passive recovery compared to Rest, with the recovery of SampEn and LZEn by 60 and 45 min, respectively, during cool-down. There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) main effects of time for lnTP, lnHF and lnRMSSD, such that lnTP, lnHF and lnRMSSD were attenuated, and lnLF/HF ratio was augmented, at all recovery times compared to Rest. These data demonstrate that a cool-down increases the recovery of nonlinear measures of vagal modulation within 45-60 min after supramaximal interval exercise, compared to passive recovery in moderately active individuals.

Renal Function Recovery Strategies Following Marathon in Amateur Runners.

Long distance races have a physiological impact on runners. Up to now, studies analyzing these physiological repercussions have been mainly focused on muscle and cardiac damage, as well as on its recovery. Therefore, a limited number of studies have been done to explore acute kidney failure and recovery after performing extreme exercises. Here, we monitored renal function in 76 marathon finishers (14 females) from the day before participating in a marathon until 192 h after crossing the finish line (FL). Renal function was evaluated by measuring serum creatinine (sCr) and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We randomly grouped our cohort into three intervention groups to compare three different strategies for marathon recovery: total rest (REST), continuous running at their ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) intensity (RUN), and elliptical workout at their VT1 intensity (ELLIPTICAL). Interventions in the RUN and ELLIPTICAL groups were performed at 48, 96, and 144 h after marathon running. Seven blood samples (at the day before the marathon, at the FL, and at 24, 48, 96, 144, and 192 h post-marathon) and three urine samples (at the day before the marathon, at the finish line, and at 48 h post-marathon) were collected per participant. Both heart rate monitors and triaxial accelerometers were used to control the intensity effort during both the marathon race and the recovery period. Contrary to our expectations, the use of elliptical machines for marathon recovery delays renal function recovery. Specifically, the ELLIPTICAL group showed a significantly lower ∆GFR compared to both the RUN group (p = 4.5 × 10-4) and the REST group (p = 0.003). Hence, we encourage runners to carry out an active recovery based on light-intensity continuous running from 48 h after finishing the marathon. In addition, full resting seems to be a better strategy than performing elliptical workouts.

Effect of different recovery modes during resistance training with blood flow restriction on hormonal levels and performance in young men: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) results in hypertrophy, and its magnitude depends on various training variables. This study aimed to compare the long-term effect of passive recovery (PR) and active recovery (AR) during low-intensity resistance training with BFR on hormonal levels and performance in young men. METHODS: In the randomized clinical trial, 20 men were randomly divided into PR and AR groups during resistance training with BFR. The intervention consisted of six upper and lower body movements with 30% of one maximum repetition (1RM), three sessions per week for six weeks. Both groups wore pneumatic cuffs on the proximal part of thighs and arms. The cuff pressure was 60% of the calculated arterial blood occlusion and increased 10% every two weeks. The AR group performed seven repetitions in 30 s break between sets by one second for concentric and eccentric phases and two seconds rest, and the other group had passive rest. The blood samples and a series of performance tests were gathered before and after the intervention. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze data. RESULTS: AR and PR interventions significantly improved the C-reactive protein (CRP) (- 38% vs. - 40%), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (- 11% vs. - 3%), Sargent jump (9% vs. 10%), peak power (20% vs.18%), and average power (14% vs. 14%), upper 1RM (8% vs. 8%) and no significant differences were observed between groups. The AR intervention significantly increased growth hormone (GH) (423% vs. 151%, p = 0.03), lower body 1RM (18% vs. 11%) and muscle endurance (34% vs. 22% for the upper body, p = 0.02 and 32% vs. 24% for the lower body, p = 0.04) than the PR group. The PR intervention further increased the minimum power than the AR group (19% vs. 10%). There were no significant changes in testosterone (p = 0.79) and cortisol (p = 0.34) following interventions. CONCLUSION: The findings indicated that by increasing muscle activation and higher metabolic load, AR during resistance training with BFR might cause more remarkable improvements in serum GH, muscle strength, and endurance. Thus, to gain further benefits, AR during training with BFR is recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION: IRCT20191207045644N1. Registration date: 14/03/2020. URL: https://www.irct.ir/search/result?query=IRCT20191207045644N1.

Analyzing the effect of storage conditions on anammox recovery performance from the perspectives of time, temperature and biomass form.

In this study, the effects of different storage conditions, such as temperature, storage time and biomass form, on the properties of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) were investigated along with the identification of the process mechanism. The results showed that the influence of storage time on anammox properties was stronger than that of storage temperature and biomass form. Also, the anammox recovery activity at 15 °C was better than that at 4 °C, and the anammox recovery activity of immobilized filler was better than that of anammox granular sludge (AnGS). Although cryogenic storage severely damaged anammox activity, lower loss of extracellular polymeric substances maintained the AnGS structure. The maximum recovery of specific anammox activity at 15 °C for the immobilized filler was observed to be 109%. In addition, intermittent substrate supplementation weakened the adverse effect of long-term storage on anammox activity, and was conducive to maintaining stable flora composition and promoting regeneration of anammox bacteria (AnAOB). High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that starvation resulted in increased community diversity, and the functional bacteria Candidatus Brocadia was observed to be more tolerant to starvation than Candidatus Kuenenia. Finally, principal component analysis was used to explain the complex relationship between process performance and preservation conditions. Based on the results of this work, it is recommended to preserve AnAOB in the form of immobilized filler at 15 °C and supplement substrate intermittently during long term storage. This study provides an economical and robust strategy for the short-term and long-term preservation of AnAOB.

The Effects of L-Citrulline on Blood-Lactate Removal Kinetics Following Maximal-Effort Exercise.

The accumulation of lactate in muscle and blood during high-intensity exercise is negatively correlated with the duration exercise can be sustained. Removal of lactate is a key component of acute recovery between consecutive bouts of such exercise. Low-intensity exercise enhances recovery by accelerating lactate turnover in metabolically active tissues, largely mediated by blood flow to these tissues. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to clarify if L-citrulline, a nutritional supplement purported to promote vasodilation via enhanced nitric oxide availability, would augment the removal of blood lactate during active recovery (AR). L-citrulline ingestion will augment the rate of blood lactate concentration decrease during AR, reduce the oxygen-cost of submaximal exercise, and increase time-to-exhaustion and peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) during a test of maximal aerobic power. Healthy university students (five males & five females) participated in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Participants exercised on a cycle ergometer at submaximal steady-state intensities followed by progressively increasing intensity to exhaustion, 10 min of AR, and then supramaximal intensity exercise to exhaustion. Oxygen uptake was measured throughout the trial and blood lactate was sampled repeatedly during AR. The protocol elicited very high peak blood lactate concentrations after exercise (11.3 + 1.3 mmol/L). L-citrulline supplementation did not significantly alter blood lactate kinetics during AR, the oxygen cost of exercise, V̇O2peak, or time-to-exhaustion. Despite a strong theoretical basis by which L-citrulline could augment lactate removal from the blood, L-citrulline supplementation showed no effect as an exercise-recovery supplement.

The Efficacy of Re-Warm-Up Practices during Half-Time: A Systematic Review.

Background and Objectives: The passive nature of rest breaks in sport could reduce athletes' performance and even increase their risk of injury. Re-warm-up activities could help avoid these problems, but there is a lack of research on their efficacy. This systematic review aimed at analyzing the results of those randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that provided information on the effects of re-warm-up strategies. Materials and Methods: Four electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus) were searched from their inception to January 2021, for RCTs on the effects of re-warm-up activities on sports performance. Interventions had to be implemented just after an exercise period or sports competition. Studies that proposed activities that were difficult to replicate in the sport context or performed in a hot environment were excluded. Data were synthesized following PRISMA guidelines, while the risk of bias was assessed following the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration. Results: A total of 14 studies (178 participants) reporting data on acute or short-term effects were analyzed. The main outcomes were grouped into four broad areas: physiological measures, conditional abilities, perceptual skills, and sport efficiency measures. The results obtained indicated that passive rest decreases physiological function in athletes, while re-warm-up activities could help to improve athletes' conditional abilities and sporting efficiency, despite showing higher fatigue levels in comparison with passive rest. The re-warm-up exercise showed to be more effective than passive rest to improve match activities and passing ability. Conclusions: Performing re-warm-up activities is a valuable strategy to avoid reducing sports performance during prolonged breaks. However, given that the methodological quality of the studies was not high, these relationships need to be further explored in official or simulated competitions.

Perceptual and Biochemical Responses in Relation to Different Match-Day +2 Training Interventions in Soccer Players.

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of two different post-match training interventions on the subsequent recovery of perceptual and biochemical parameters after the game. In a crossover design, eight sub-elite players underwent a soccer-specific training (SST) and an active recovery (AR) regimen on the second day after a match (+48 h). Muscle soreness as well as muscle damage (creatine kinase, CK), inflammatory (C-reactive protein and interleukin 6), immunological (e.g., lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes), and endocrine (cortisol) markers were obtained at baseline (-72 h), immediately after (0 h), and 72 h post-match (+72 h). AR promoted a higher restoration of muscle soreness values (P = 0.004, η2 p = 0.49) together with a better restoration of CK within 72 h post-match compared with SST (P = 0.04, η2 p = 0.36). Conversely, no significant (P > 0.05, η2 p < 0.91) differences were observed in the recovery timeframe of inflammatory, immunological, and endocrine responses between SST and AR. Overall, AR elicited a quicker muscle soreness and CK restoration compared to SST intervention at 72 h post-match. Such information provides novel evidence-based findings on the appropriateness of different recovery strategies and may aid to improve the practitioners' decision-making process when two consecutive games are played within 3 days.

Moderate intensity cycling is better than running on recovery of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of moderate intensity running and cycling on markers of exercise-induced muscle damage in men. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty volunteers were randomized in three groups [running (RG; n = 10), cycling (CG; n = 10) and control (CON; n = 10)] and were evaluated at baseline, post 24, 48 and 72 h of knee extensors' muscle damage protocol. CON performed passive recovery, while RG and CG performed active recovery immediately after the protocol, as well as 24 h and 48 h afterwards. MAIN OUTCOMES: (i) maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC); (ii) delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS); (iii) plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. RESULTS: No group-by-time interaction was found in any outcome evaluated (p > 0.05). All groups presented decreases in MVIC and increases in DOMS (p < 0.001), without differences in CK and LDH. Compared with CON, exercise groups presented likely beneficial effects for LDH, while only CG had a likely beneficial effect for DOMS. Lastly, CG presented likely/very likely beneficial effects for MVIC and DOMS compared to RG. CONCLUSION: Although the null hypothesis analysis did not find differences, the magnitude-based inference analysis suggested that moderate intensity cycling have likely beneficial effects on knee extensor muscle recovery after eccentric exercise protocol.

Effect of the Cooldown Type on Session Rating of Perceived Exertion.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of cooldown modality (active vs passive) and duration (5, 10, and 15 min) on session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Secondarily, the possible influence of training sessions' demand on this effect was studied. METHODS: A total of 16 youth male soccer players (15.7 [0.4] y) completed 2 standardized training sessions per week across 6 weeks. During weeks 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5 to 6, cooldown lengths of 15, 10, and 5 minutes were studied, respectively. Using a crossover design, players were randomly assigned to 2 groups and each group performed 1 of 2 different cooldown interventions. Passive and active cooldown interventions based on static stretching and running exercises were studied. Heart rate and sRPE were recorded during all training sessions. RESULTS: The lowest sRPE was observed when passive cooldown was performed. When the hardest training sessions were considered, a significant main effect of cooldown modality (P < .01) and duration (P < .05) and an interaction effect between these variables (P < .05) on sRPE were obtained. The lowest (P < .01) sRPE was observed during the longest cooldown (15 min). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that sRPE may be sensitive to the selected cooldown modality and duration, especially following the most demanding training sessions.

Preventive measures for the critical postexercise period in sickle cell trait and disease.

The immediate postexercise/physical activity period is critical for sickle cell trait (SCT) carriers and disease (SCD) patients. Exercise-related blood acidosis is known to trigger the cascade of HbS deoxygenation and polymerization, leading to red blood cell sickling and subsequent complications. Unfortunately, two facts worsen exercise-related blood acidosis during the initial postexercise period: First, blood lactate and H+ concentrations continue to increase for several minutes after exercise completion, exacerbating blood acidosis. Second, blood lactate concentration remains elevated and pH altered for 20-45 min during inactivity after intense exercise, keeping acid/base balance disturbed for a long period after exercise. Therefore, the risk of complications (including vasoocclusive crises and even sudden death) persists and even worsens several minutes after intense exercise completion in SCT carriers or SCD patients. Light physical activity following intense exercise (namely, active recovery) may, by accelerating lactate removal and acid/base balance restoration, reduce the risk of complications. Scientific evidence suggests that light exercise at or below the first lactate threshold is an appropriate strategy.

Effect of aquatic exercise after eccentric contraction-induced muscle injury / Efeito do exercício aquático depois de lesão muscular provocada por contração excêntrica / Efecto del ejercicio acuático después de una lesión muscular por contracción excéntrica

ABSTRACT Introduction: Muscle microlesions produced by eccentric contractions (EC) cause changes in strength, endurance, power and neuromuscular activity parameters for an extended period of time. Objectives: To investigate the effect of aquatic exercise after EC-induced muscle injury on strength, endurance, power and neuromuscular activity parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional experimental study with six subjects (age 25 ± 4 years, weight 77 ± 4kg and height of 162 ± 2 cm) with EC-induced muscle injury followed up during a recovery period (48h, 72h and 96h) without intervention (Group 1A) and involving aquatic exercises (Group 1B). Dynamic and isometric strength, muscular endurance, and vertical/horizontal power tests as well as vastus lateralis neuromuscular activity measurements were performed before, immediately after, and during the recovery period. Results: Our results indicate that the intervention in Group 1B, when compared to Group 1A, accelerated the recovery of dynamic (p <0.01) and isometric (p <0.03) strength at 48h and 72h, increased vertical power at 48h (p <0.05) and horizontal power at 48h and 72h (p <0.05), and reduced neuromuscular activity (p <0.05) at 48h and 72h after EC. Conclusions: According to our findings, performing aquatic exercises during the recovery period improves muscle efficiency and accelerates strength, power and neuromuscular activity recovery. Level of evidence l; Randomized clinical trial.

RESUMO Introdução: As microlesões musculares geradas por contrações excêntricas (CE) provocam alterações dos parâmetros de força, resistência, potência e atividade neuromuscular por período prolongado. Objetivos: Investigar o efeito do exercício aquático depois de lesão muscular provocada por CE sobre os parâmetros força, resistência, potência e atividade neuromuscular. Métodos: Estudo experimental cruzado com seis indivíduos (idade 25 ± 4 anos, peso 77 ± 4 kg e altura 162 ± 2 cm) com lesão muscular por CE e acompanhados durante um período de recuperação (48 h, 72 h e 96 h) sem intervenção (Grupo 1A) e envolvendo exercícios aquáticos (Grupo 1B). Antes, imediatamente e durante o período de recuperação foram realizados testes de força dinâmica, isométrica, resistência muscular, potência vertical/horizontal e mensuração da atividade neuromuscular do músculo vasto lateral. Resultados: Nossos resultados apontam que a intervenção no Grupo 1B, em comparação com o Grupo 1A, acelerou a recuperação da força dinâmica (p < 0,01) e isométrica (p < 0,03) nos tempos de 48 h e 72 h, aumentou a potência vertical no tempo de 48 h (p < 0,05) e a horizontal nos tempos de 48 h e 72 h (p < 0,05) e reduziu a atividade neuromuscular (p < 0,05) nos tempos de 48 h e 72 h depois de CE. Conclusões: De acordo com nossos achados, apontamos que os exercícios aquáticos durante o período de recuperação melhoram a eficiência muscular e aceleram a recuperação de força, potência e atividade neuromuscular. Nível de evidência l; Estudo clínico randomizado

RESUMEN Introducción: Las microlesiones musculares generadas por contracciones excéntricas (CE) provocan alteraciones de los parámetros de fuerza, resistencia, potencia y actividad neuromuscular por período prolongado. Objetivos: Investigar el efecto del ejercicio acuático después de una lesión muscular provocada por CE sobre los parámetros fuerza, resistencia, potencia y actividad neuromuscular. Métodos: Estudio experimental cruzado con seis individuos (edad 25±4 años, peso 77±4kg y altura 162±2cm) con lesión muscular por CE y acompañados durante un período de recuperación (48h, 72h y 96h) sin intervención (Grupo 1A) e involucrando ejercicios acuáticos (Grupo 1B). Antes, inmediatamente después y durante el período de recuperación, fueron realizados tests de fuerza dinámica, isométrica, resistencia muscular, potencia vertical/horizontal y medición de la actividad neuromuscular del músculo vasto lateral. Resultados: Nuestros resultados apuntan que la intervención en el Grupo 1B, en comparación con el Grupo 1A, aceleró la recuperación de la fuerza dinámica (p<0,01) e isométrica (p<0,03) en 48h y 72h, aumentó la potencia vertical en el tiempo de 48h (p<0,05) y la horizontal en los tiempos de 48h y 72h (p<0,05) y redujo la actividad neuromuscular (p<0,05) en los tiempos de 48h y 72h después de la CE. Conclusiones: De acuerdo con nuestros hallazgos, apuntamos que los ejercicios acuáticos durante el período de recuperación mejoran la eficiencia muscular y aceleran la recuperación de fuerza, potencia y actividad neuromuscular. Nivel de evidencia l; Estudio ensayo clínico aleatorizado.

Acute effect of inspiratory resistive loading on sprint interval exercise performance in team-sport athletes.

This study examined acute effects of inspiratory resistive loading (IRL) during rest intervals on sprint interval exercise (SIE) performance. In a randomized crossover design, nine collegiate basketball players performed IRL (15 cmH2O) or passive recovery (CON) at 5-min rest intervals during and immediately after 6 sets of a 30-s SIE test. Performance, muscular oxygenation of vastus lateralis, blood lactate and pH were measured at each condition. Blood lactate at 5-min (-20.5 %) and 20-min (-21.3 %) after SIE were significantly lower in IRL than in CON. The pH at 5-min after SIE was significantly higher in IRL than in CON (+0.8 %, p <  0.05). However, the total work in IRL was significantly lower than in CON (-2.7 %, p <  0.05). Average changes in total hemoglobin at rest intervals in IRL were significantly lower than in CON (-34.5 %, p <  0.05). The IRL could attenuate exercise-induced metabolic acidosis; however, the decreased blood flow at rest intervals might increase the physical challenge in SIE.

The effects of general fatigue induced by incremental exercise test and active recovery modes on energy cost, gait variability and stability in male soccer players.

The aerobic endurance is considered an important physiological capacity of soccer players which is examined by Incremental Exercise Test (IET). However, it is not clear how general fatigue induced by IET influences physiological and biomechanical gait features in soccer players and how players recover optimally at post-IET. Here, the effect of general fatigue induced by IET on energy cost, gait variability and stability in soccer players was investigated. To identify an optimal recovery mode, the effect of walking at Preferred Walking Speed (PWS), running at Individual Ventilation Threshold (IVT) (two active recovery modes), and Rest (a passive recovery mode) on aforementioned features were studied. Nine male players walked 4-min at PWS on a treadmill prior IET (PreT), which was followed by four 4-min walking trials (PosT-0, 1, 2, and 3) with three 4-min recovery intervals (PWS, IVT, or Rest) between them, in three sessions (one for each recovery mode) in a random order. Energy cost, gait variability and stability were examined at PreT (baseline), and at PosT-0, 1, 2, and 3 (intervals of respectively 0-4, 8-12, 16-20, 24-28 min at post-IET). Gait variability was assessed by the standard deviation of trunk angle and gait stability was assessed by the local dynamic stability of trunk angular velocity. Gait stability was not affected by IET, despite increases in gait variability and energy cost. Different from IVT, PWS and Rest recovery modes reduced energy cost at post-IET. Gait variability and energy cost recovered at PosT-1 and PosT-2, suggesting that 8-12 and 16-20 min recovery intervals, respectively, were required for returning to their baselines. No preference for active over passive recovery was found in terms of gait variability and energy cost.

Short interval or continuous training programs to improve walking distance for intermittent claudication: Pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: Supervised exercise training is part of first-line therapies for intermittent claudication. Short periods of intensive treadmill training have been found efficient; however, the optimal modalities remain to be determined, especially interval training with active recovery (ITAR). In this prospective assessor-blinded single-centre pilot study, we assessed the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial comparing parallel 4-week intensive rehabilitation programs comprising treadmill training performed as ITAR or conventional training with constant slope and speed interspersed with rest periods (CT). METHODS: A total of 38 in- or out-patients were randomised to the ITAR or CT program for 5 days/week for 4weeks. The primary outcome was change in maximum walking distance measured on a graded treadmill before and after the program. RESULTS: Adherence was high. All training sessions were completed in the ITAR program and only a few were not completed in the CT program (median 100% [Q1-Q3 96-100]). Tolerance was excellent (no adverse events). VO2peak was low in both groups, corresponding to moderate to severe exercise intolerance. The 2 groups did not differ in the primary outcome (median ITAR vs CT 480 [135-715] vs 315m [0-710]; p=0.62) or other walking distances (constant speed and gradient treadmill test). For all 38 participants, both programs greatly increased maximum walking distance in the graded treadmill test: median 415 [240-650] to 995m [410-1490], with a large effect size (p<10-4). CONCLUSION: A 4-week intensive rehabilitation program with ITAR or CT for intermittent claudication showed high adherence, was well tolerated, and improved walking distance as much as that reported for longer conventional programs. These findings prompt the design of a larger multicenter randomised controlled trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01734603.

The effectiveness of a practical half-time re-warm-up strategy on performance and the physical response to soccer-specific activity.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of a half-time (HT) re-warm up (RWU) strategy on measures of performance and the physical and perceptual response to soccer-specific activity. Ten male soccer players completed a control (CON) and RWU trial, in which participants completed 60 min (4 x 15-min periods with a 15-min HT interspersing the third and fourth periods) of a soccer-specific exercise protocol. The CON trial comprised a passive 15-min HT, whilst the RWU trial comprised a passive 12-min period, followed by a 3-min RWU. The RWU elicited an improvement in 20 m sprint times (d= 0.6; CON: 3.42 ± 0.20 s; RWU: 3.32 ± 0.12 s), and both squat (d= 0.6; CON: 26.96 ± 5.00 cm; RWU: 30.17 ± 5.13 cm) and countermovement jump height (d= 0.7; CON: 28.15 ± 4.72 cm; RWU: 31.53 ± 5.43 cm) following the RWU and during the initial stages of the second half. No significant changes were identified for 5 m or 10 m sprint performance, perceived muscle soreness, or PlayerLoadTM. Ratings of perceived exertion were however higher (~2 a.u) following the RWU. These data support the use of a HT RWU intervention to elicit acute changes in performance.

Effect of vibration and electrical stimulation recovery model on delayed muscle pain of basketball pitchers / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Whole body vibration and electromyographic stimulation are often used as the main means of warming up or restoring activities before and after centrifugal exercise. However, it is unclear whether the two passive restoring methods can improve the explosive power of subjects, the range of motion of joints and the positive benefits of metabolic waste removal. OBJECTIVE: To reveal the benefits of whole body vibration and electromyographic stimulation in alleviating the muscle injury of basketball pitchers after pitching using whole body vibration and electromyographic stimulation to restore the shoulder joint, and provide important reference for basketball players and coaches to conduct scientific training and avoid sports injury caused by the change of pitching movements. METHODS: The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Southwest Medical University, and the participants and their families signed the informed consents. Twelve college male basketball players volunteered to participate in this study. Repeated measurement and balanced sequence design were used to divide the experiment into whole body vibration recovery, electromyographic stimulation recovery and no treatment (control group); each time interval was 7 days. The participants were trained to shoot (5 innings, 25 balls/inning). After each inning, the pitchers were immediately restored for 6 minutes. The conscious muscle soreness index, range of motion, and serum contents of creatine kinase and myoglobin were detected at baseline, and 24,48 and 72 hours after pitching. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Whole body vibration and electromyographic stimulation passive recovery modes had significant positive effects on alleviating conscious muscle soreness index, serum creatine enzyme and serum myoglobin of basketball pitchers, and there was no significant difference between two modes. (2) Whole body vibration passive recovery mode had significant positive effects on restoring shoulder range of motion, but electromyographic stimulation had no significant positive effect on shoulder rotation. (3) Whole body vibration and electromyographic stimulation electromyographic stimulation passive recovery modes showed no significant effect on the range of motion of recovery of elbow flexion and extension. (4) These results indicate that whole body vibration and electromyographic stimulation immediate passive recovery in basketball pitching training can significantly reduce the level of related indicators of muscle injury after pitching, but only whole body vibration treatment can significantly improve the joint range of motion.

Active recovery shows favorable IGF-I and IGF binding protein responses following heavy resistance exercise compared to passive recovery.

IGF-I and IGFBPs have important physiological modulatory effects and this study sought to examine the influence of active vs. passive recovery following a heavy resistance exercise on IGF-I and IGF binding protein (IGFBP) recovery responses. It was hypothesized that increased IGF-I and decreased inhibitory IGFBPs during active recovery may be reflective of cascades promoting physiological recovery. 18 untrained men ((AR n = 7, PR n = 11), age: 26 ±â€¯4 years, height: 174 ±â€¯8 cm, body mass: 75 ±â€¯13 kg) performed either a protocol-specific 10 × 10 × 30% 1RM active (AR) or passive recovery (PR) session following a heavy resistance exercise session performed on a leg press device (10 × 10 1RM). Maximal isometric force production (MVC) and IGF- and IGFBPs were measured pre, post, 1-hr post, and next morning. A significantly greater relative response in IGF-I was observed in AR than in PR at post recovery and next morning (p < .01 and statistical trend, respectively) while absolute concentrations of IGFBP-1 at next morning were significantly higher in PR than AR (p < .05), and relative IGFBP-1 response from control to next morning in PR was significantly greater than in AR (p < .001). IGFBP-1 may be inhibitory to IGF-I biological action, thus the lower concentration of IGFBP-1 after AR may be considered favorable in terms of recovery due to its positive relationship with glucose metabolism and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. These results suggest that some of the benefits of an active recovery bout may be mediated by favorable IGF-I system responses (increased IGF-I and decreased IGFBP-1) in the hormonal milieu that may assist facilitating the cascade of physiological recovery processes following acute heavy resistance loading exercise.